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The IRE1 endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor activates natural killer cell immunity in part by regulating c-Myc.

Identifieur interne : 000205 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000204; suivant : 000206

The IRE1 endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor activates natural killer cell immunity in part by regulating c-Myc.

Auteurs : Han Dong [États-Unis] ; Nicholas M. Adams [États-Unis] ; Yichi Xu [États-Unis] ; Jin Cao [États-Unis] ; David S J. Allan [États-Unis] ; James R. Carlyle [Canada] ; Xi Chen [États-Unis] ; Joseph C. Sun [États-Unis] ; Laurie H. Glimcher [États-Unis]

Source :

RBID : pubmed:31086333

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

Abstract

Natural killer (NK) cells are critical mediators of host immunity to pathogens. Here, we demonstrate that the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α) and its substrate transcription factor X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) drive NK cell responses against viral infection and tumors in vivo. IRE1α-XBP1 were essential for expansion of activated mouse and human NK cells and are situated downstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Transcriptome and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed c-Myc as a new and direct downstream target of XBP1 for regulation of NK cell proliferation. Genetic ablation or pharmaceutical blockade of IRE1α downregulated c-Myc, and NK cells with c-Myc haploinsufficency phenocopied IRE1α-XBP1 deficiency. c-Myc overexpression largely rescued the proliferation defect in IRE1α-/- NK cells. Like c-Myc, IRE1α-XBP1 also promotes oxidative phosphorylation in NK cells. Overall, our study identifies a IRE1α-XBP1-cMyc axis in NK cell immunity, providing insight into host protection against infection and cancer.

DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0388-z
PubMed: 31086333
PubMed Central: PMC6588410


Affiliations:


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Le document en format XML

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<title level="j">Nature immunology</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1529-2916</idno>
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<keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en">
<term>Animals (MeSH)</term>
<term>Biomarkers (MeSH)</term>
<term>Cell Survival (genetics)</term>
<term>Cell Survival (immunology)</term>
<term>Cytotoxicity, Immunologic (MeSH)</term>
<term>Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (genetics)</term>
<term>Endoribonucleases (genetics)</term>
<term>Gene Expression Regulation (MeSH)</term>
<term>Genes, myc (MeSH)</term>
<term>Host-Pathogen Interactions (immunology)</term>
<term>Humans (MeSH)</term>
<term>Immunity (genetics)</term>
<term>Killer Cells, Natural (immunology)</term>
<term>Killer Cells, Natural (metabolism)</term>
<term>Lymphocyte Activation (immunology)</term>
<term>Melanoma, Experimental (MeSH)</term>
<term>Mice (MeSH)</term>
<term>Mice, Knockout (MeSH)</term>
<term>Mitochondria (metabolism)</term>
<term>Oxidative Phosphorylation (MeSH)</term>
<term>Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases (genetics)</term>
<term>Signal Transduction (MeSH)</term>
<term>X-Box Binding Protein 1 (metabolism)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Activation des lymphocytes (immunologie)</term>
<term>Animaux (MeSH)</term>
<term>Cellules tueuses naturelles (immunologie)</term>
<term>Cellules tueuses naturelles (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Cytotoxicité immunologique (MeSH)</term>
<term>Endoribonucleases (génétique)</term>
<term>Gènes myc (MeSH)</term>
<term>Humains (MeSH)</term>
<term>Immunité (génétique)</term>
<term>Interactions hôte-pathogène (immunologie)</term>
<term>Marqueurs biologiques (MeSH)</term>
<term>Mitochondries (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Mélanome expérimental (MeSH)</term>
<term>Phosphorylation oxydative (MeSH)</term>
<term>Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases (génétique)</term>
<term>Protéine-1 liant la boite X (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Régulation de l'expression des gènes (MeSH)</term>
<term>Souris (MeSH)</term>
<term>Souris knockout (MeSH)</term>
<term>Stress du réticulum endoplasmique (génétique)</term>
<term>Survie cellulaire (génétique)</term>
<term>Survie cellulaire (immunologie)</term>
<term>Transduction du signal (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en">
<term>Endoribonucleases</term>
<term>Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en">
<term>X-Box Binding Protein 1</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" xml:lang="en">
<term>Biomarkers</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en">
<term>Cell Survival</term>
<term>Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress</term>
<term>Immunity</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Endoribonucleases</term>
<term>Immunité</term>
<term>Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases</term>
<term>Stress du réticulum endoplasmique</term>
<term>Survie cellulaire</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Activation des lymphocytes</term>
<term>Cellules tueuses naturelles</term>
<term>Interactions hôte-pathogène</term>
<term>Survie cellulaire</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en">
<term>Cell Survival</term>
<term>Host-Pathogen Interactions</term>
<term>Killer Cells, Natural</term>
<term>Lymphocyte Activation</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en">
<term>Killer Cells, Natural</term>
<term>Mitochondria</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Cellules tueuses naturelles</term>
<term>Mitochondries</term>
<term>Protéine-1 liant la boite X</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en">
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Cytotoxicity, Immunologic</term>
<term>Gene Expression Regulation</term>
<term>Genes, myc</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Melanoma, Experimental</term>
<term>Mice</term>
<term>Mice, Knockout</term>
<term>Oxidative Phosphorylation</term>
<term>Signal Transduction</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Cytotoxicité immunologique</term>
<term>Gènes myc</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Marqueurs biologiques</term>
<term>Mélanome expérimental</term>
<term>Phosphorylation oxydative</term>
<term>Régulation de l'expression des gènes</term>
<term>Souris</term>
<term>Souris knockout</term>
<term>Transduction du signal</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Natural killer (NK) cells are critical mediators of host immunity to pathogens. Here, we demonstrate that the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α) and its substrate transcription factor X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) drive NK cell responses against viral infection and tumors in vivo. IRE1α-XBP1 were essential for expansion of activated mouse and human NK cells and are situated downstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Transcriptome and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed c-Myc as a new and direct downstream target of XBP1 for regulation of NK cell proliferation. Genetic ablation or pharmaceutical blockade of IRE1α downregulated c-Myc, and NK cells with c-Myc haploinsufficency phenocopied IRE1α-XBP1 deficiency. c-Myc overexpression largely rescued the proliferation defect in IRE1α
<sup>-/-</sup>
NK cells. Like c-Myc, IRE1α-XBP1 also promotes oxidative phosphorylation in NK cells. Overall, our study identifies a IRE1α-XBP1-cMyc axis in NK cell immunity, providing insight into host protection against infection and cancer.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pubmed>
<MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM">
<PMID Version="1">31086333</PMID>
<DateCompleted>
<Year>2019</Year>
<Month>07</Month>
<Day>09</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised>
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>06</Month>
<Day>17</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Print-Electronic">
<Journal>
<ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1529-2916</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet">
<Volume>20</Volume>
<Issue>7</Issue>
<PubDate>
<Year>2019</Year>
<Month>07</Month>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>Nature immunology</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Nat Immunol</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>The IRE1 endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor activates natural killer cell immunity in part by regulating c-Myc.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination>
<MedlinePgn>865-878</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/s41590-019-0388-z</ELocationID>
<Abstract>
<AbstractText>Natural killer (NK) cells are critical mediators of host immunity to pathogens. Here, we demonstrate that the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α) and its substrate transcription factor X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) drive NK cell responses against viral infection and tumors in vivo. IRE1α-XBP1 were essential for expansion of activated mouse and human NK cells and are situated downstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Transcriptome and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed c-Myc as a new and direct downstream target of XBP1 for regulation of NK cell proliferation. Genetic ablation or pharmaceutical blockade of IRE1α downregulated c-Myc, and NK cells with c-Myc haploinsufficency phenocopied IRE1α-XBP1 deficiency. c-Myc overexpression largely rescued the proliferation defect in IRE1α
<sup>-/-</sup>
NK cells. Like c-Myc, IRE1α-XBP1 also promotes oxidative phosphorylation in NK cells. Overall, our study identifies a IRE1α-XBP1-cMyc axis in NK cell immunity, providing insight into host protection against infection and cancer.</AbstractText>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y">
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Dong</LastName>
<ForeName>Han</ForeName>
<Initials>H</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Adams</LastName>
<ForeName>Nicholas M</ForeName>
<Initials>NM</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5751-0480</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Xu</LastName>
<ForeName>Yichi</ForeName>
<Initials>Y</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Cao</LastName>
<ForeName>Jin</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Allan</LastName>
<ForeName>David S J</ForeName>
<Initials>DSJ</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Carlyle</LastName>
<ForeName>James R</ForeName>
<Initials>JR</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Onatario, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Chen</LastName>
<ForeName>Xi</ForeName>
<Initials>X</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Sun</LastName>
<ForeName>Joseph C</ForeName>
<Initials>JC</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8062-9033</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Glimcher</LastName>
<ForeName>Laurie H</ForeName>
<Initials>LH</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4971-0404</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. laurie_glimcher@dfci.harvard.edu.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. laurie_glimcher@dfci.harvard.edu.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. laurie_glimcher@dfci.harvard.edu.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<Language>eng</Language>
<GrantList CompleteYN="Y">
<Grant>
<GrantID>R01 AI100874</GrantID>
<Acronym>AI</Acronym>
<Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency>
<Country>United States</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant>
<GrantID>R37 CA228304</GrantID>
<Acronym>CA</Acronym>
<Agency>NCI NIH HHS</Agency>
<Country>United States</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant>
<GrantID>P30 CA008748</GrantID>
<Acronym>CA</Acronym>
<Agency>NCI NIH HHS</Agency>
<Country>United States</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant>
<GrantID>R00 AI085034</GrantID>
<Acronym>AI</Acronym>
<Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency>
<Country>United States</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant>
<GrantID>T32 GM007739</GrantID>
<Acronym>GM</Acronym>
<Agency>NIGMS NIH HHS</Agency>
<Country>United States</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant>
<GrantID>F30 AI136239</GrantID>
<Acronym>AI</Acronym>
<Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency>
<Country>United States</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant>
<GrantID>P30 CA006516</GrantID>
<Acronym>CA</Acronym>
<Agency>NCI NIH HHS</Agency>
<Country>United States</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant>
<GrantID>R01 AI130043</GrantID>
<Acronym>AI</Acronym>
<Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency>
<Country>United States</Country>
</Grant>
</GrantList>
<PublicationTypeList>
<PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType>
<PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType>
</PublicationTypeList>
<ArticleDate DateType="Electronic">
<Year>2019</Year>
<Month>05</Month>
<Day>13</Day>
</ArticleDate>
</Article>
<MedlineJournalInfo>
<Country>United States</Country>
<MedlineTA>Nat Immunol</MedlineTA>
<NlmUniqueID>100941354</NlmUniqueID>
<ISSNLinking>1529-2908</ISSNLinking>
</MedlineJournalInfo>
<ChemicalList>
<Chemical>
<RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D015415">Biomarkers</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical>
<RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D000071717">X-Box Binding Protein 1</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical>
<RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="C000605543">XBP1 protein, human</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical>
<RegistryNumber>EC 2.7.11.1</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="C528229">ERN1 protein, human</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical>
<RegistryNumber>EC 2.7.11.1</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D017346">Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical>
<RegistryNumber>EC 3.1.-</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D004722">Endoribonucleases</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
</ChemicalList>
<CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
<MeshHeadingList>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D015415" MajorTopicYN="N">Biomarkers</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D002470" MajorTopicYN="N">Cell Survival</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D003602" MajorTopicYN="N">Cytotoxicity, Immunologic</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D059865" MajorTopicYN="N">Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D004722" MajorTopicYN="N">Endoribonucleases</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D005786" MajorTopicYN="Y">Gene Expression Regulation</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D016259" MajorTopicYN="Y">Genes, myc</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D054884" MajorTopicYN="N">Host-Pathogen Interactions</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D007109" MajorTopicYN="N">Immunity</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D007694" MajorTopicYN="N">Killer Cells, Natural</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="Y">immunology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D008213" MajorTopicYN="N">Lymphocyte Activation</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D008546" MajorTopicYN="N">Melanoma, Experimental</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D051379" MajorTopicYN="N">Mice</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D018345" MajorTopicYN="N">Mice, Knockout</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D008928" MajorTopicYN="N">Mitochondria</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D010085" MajorTopicYN="N">Oxidative Phosphorylation</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D017346" MajorTopicYN="N">Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D015398" MajorTopicYN="N">Signal Transduction</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D000071717" MajorTopicYN="N">X-Box Binding Protein 1</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
</MeshHeadingList>
</MedlineCitation>
<PubmedData>
<History>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received">
<Year>2018</Year>
<Month>06</Month>
<Day>14</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted">
<Year>2019</Year>
<Month>03</Month>
<Day>29</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed">
<Year>2019</Year>
<Month>5</Month>
<Day>16</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
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<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline">
<Year>2019</Year>
<Month>7</Month>
<Day>10</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez">
<Year>2019</Year>
<Month>5</Month>
<Day>16</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
</History>
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<ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1038/s41590-019-0388-z</ArticleId>
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<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>Canada</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region>
<li>Maryland</li>
<li>Massachusetts</li>
<li>Ontario</li>
<li>Texas</li>
<li>État de New York</li>
</region>
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<li>Toronto</li>
</settlement>
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<li>Université de Toronto</li>
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<tree>
<country name="États-Unis">
<region name="Massachusetts">
<name sortKey="Dong, Han" sort="Dong, Han" uniqKey="Dong H" first="Han" last="Dong">Han Dong</name>
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<name sortKey="Adams, Nicholas M" sort="Adams, Nicholas M" uniqKey="Adams N" first="Nicholas M" last="Adams">Nicholas M. Adams</name>
<name sortKey="Allan, David S J" sort="Allan, David S J" uniqKey="Allan D" first="David S J" last="Allan">David S J. Allan</name>
<name sortKey="Cao, Jin" sort="Cao, Jin" uniqKey="Cao J" first="Jin" last="Cao">Jin Cao</name>
<name sortKey="Cao, Jin" sort="Cao, Jin" uniqKey="Cao J" first="Jin" last="Cao">Jin Cao</name>
<name sortKey="Cao, Jin" sort="Cao, Jin" uniqKey="Cao J" first="Jin" last="Cao">Jin Cao</name>
<name sortKey="Chen, Xi" sort="Chen, Xi" uniqKey="Chen X" first="Xi" last="Chen">Xi Chen</name>
<name sortKey="Chen, Xi" sort="Chen, Xi" uniqKey="Chen X" first="Xi" last="Chen">Xi Chen</name>
<name sortKey="Chen, Xi" sort="Chen, Xi" uniqKey="Chen X" first="Xi" last="Chen">Xi Chen</name>
<name sortKey="Dong, Han" sort="Dong, Han" uniqKey="Dong H" first="Han" last="Dong">Han Dong</name>
<name sortKey="Dong, Han" sort="Dong, Han" uniqKey="Dong H" first="Han" last="Dong">Han Dong</name>
<name sortKey="Glimcher, Laurie H" sort="Glimcher, Laurie H" uniqKey="Glimcher L" first="Laurie H" last="Glimcher">Laurie H. Glimcher</name>
<name sortKey="Glimcher, Laurie H" sort="Glimcher, Laurie H" uniqKey="Glimcher L" first="Laurie H" last="Glimcher">Laurie H. Glimcher</name>
<name sortKey="Glimcher, Laurie H" sort="Glimcher, Laurie H" uniqKey="Glimcher L" first="Laurie H" last="Glimcher">Laurie H. Glimcher</name>
<name sortKey="Sun, Joseph C" sort="Sun, Joseph C" uniqKey="Sun J" first="Joseph C" last="Sun">Joseph C. Sun</name>
<name sortKey="Sun, Joseph C" sort="Sun, Joseph C" uniqKey="Sun J" first="Joseph C" last="Sun">Joseph C. Sun</name>
<name sortKey="Sun, Joseph C" sort="Sun, Joseph C" uniqKey="Sun J" first="Joseph C" last="Sun">Joseph C. Sun</name>
<name sortKey="Xu, Yichi" sort="Xu, Yichi" uniqKey="Xu Y" first="Yichi" last="Xu">Yichi Xu</name>
</country>
<country name="Canada">
<region name="Ontario">
<name sortKey="Carlyle, James R" sort="Carlyle, James R" uniqKey="Carlyle J" first="James R" last="Carlyle">James R. Carlyle</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Carlyle, James R" sort="Carlyle, James R" uniqKey="Carlyle J" first="James R" last="Carlyle">James R. Carlyle</name>
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